Tag Archives: veterans

Madison and Hamilton on “general Welfare” under the Constitution

FK – The fedgov gets the power to do ‘anything it wants’ by it’s willingness to do so, the whores that will do the nasty work for a paycheck and a retirement plan and the willful ignorance and apathy of the common sheeple and the superior weaponry of the modern empire of note and the cowardice of those who claim they want to be free but are incapable of shedding the blood it will be necessary to shed to fix this mess if it can be fixed.

The anti-federalists were right, just not right enough.

A conspiracy to indoctrinate, or “What is an education?”

What’s the ultimate question?

What can I do?

A Message from President Trump

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gACZX0d_CMk

FK – Let’s be sure to remember those sitting in prison and rotting in the grave because of our evil governments.

BRING THEM HOME and let them HUNT our real ENEMIES!

We should’ve kept our troops home from Vietnam and Korea and had them kill the commies here first. We need to bring them home now.

If the military were fighting for our freedom they’d all be here.

The empire’s military hasn’t fought a war for Liberty since 1865 and the bad guys won that one.

I’m a vet, do ya’ want to thank me?

Trump as click bait, and other things…

The most important things to do

The cancer on America’s face, or why I do what I do…

A few things that might matter, or ‘The Basics’ part two

5 Reasons NOT To Join The Military!

FK – Uh, as in “We don’t live in a free country anymore and the military is actually fighting for the empire and the petrodollar and the military industrial complex?”

As an enlisted member when you sign that line you become their property. That’s how they view you. In a time of war for profit as ‘all’ wars are now officers are bullet sponges just like the rest.

If we had the govt. we’re supposed to have here I’d have no problem telling young people to join. In fact I think some basic infantry training should be required for all young people.

Who deserves to vote?

Politics, human nature, is a factor in all human environments, the corporate world and the military.

We should’ve kept our troops home from Vietnam and Korea and had them kill the commies here first. We need to bring them home now.

If the military were fighting for our freedom they’d all be here.

The empire’s military hasn’t fought a war for Liberty since 1865 and the bad guys won that one.

I’m a vet, do ya’ want to thank me?

The most important things to do

Don’t understand my bad attitude? Start here.

What You REALLY Need to Know About Hillary’s Earpiece

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yUtEVadItUI

FK – Bundy Ranch was open rebellion. The Fed Nazis just didn’t shoot back. Now they’re railroading people into prison, business as usual, and this nation of non-men is doing nothing about it.

Here’s the only thing the ‘vets’ needed to say to the witch: “If you succeed in passing ‘Australian style gun control’ we will come to the District of Commie criminals and build the granite gallows that should already be there and hang you from it. Then we will execute an extensive and thorough “Liberal”(commie) trash season whereby we cleanse our land of the plague that is destroying it from within.’

But then most of our ‘vets’ aren’t men either, but cowards and prostitutes. Simple fact.

I’m a vet, do ya’ want to thank me?

Anything else the CFR witch says means nothing, anymore than anything Trump says means anything. We know the witch’s record for which it should’ve been tried and executed long ago along with its husband of convenience and Trump has no record of supporting Human Liberty. So this is all a charade, a play put on for fools and children.

Anyone who’s watched this crap, the 4 year quest for the idiot vote, for a couple decades and hasn’t caught on to the sham is in reality lying to themselves, even if only on a subconscious level, because the last thing the average dumbass wants is personal responsibility for the world around it. That’s why they look for a prez or a savior to wave a magic wand and solve their problems for them.

It’s all about fear, and greed:

FK – Because the moronic voters(tea partiers, conservatives, ‘moderate’ commiecrats, etc.) still think our greatest enemies have brown skin and are hiding in a cave on the other side of the world.

AND DO NOT MISS THIS ONE!:

Clinton Versus Trump And The Co-Option Of The Liberty Movement

FK – I thank you for writing what I have wanted to for months but my level of disgust with the human animal has been too high for too many years now.

If only we could ensure all ‘liberty’ activists would at least read it. I fear it’s over the head of the average dumbass.

Now back to business as usual:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R-et9obAT50

FK – As the old saying goes if you want to know if you can trust the govt. just ask the Indians.

I’m in favor of affordable gas as much as anyone but what price do we make others pay to get it? Do we always just ‘take it’ as Trump wants to do? Is that the ‘christian’ thing to do?

As a commenter wrote in the YouTube comments, the Bundy’s are in prison for allegedly ‘destroying’ native artifacts.

I won’t get into the issue of how absurd it is to pretend that our own cemeteries will still be cared for 100 years from now when most people don’t even know where their own great-great-grandparents are buried. Or how absurd it is when the Indians(native Americans) demand control of all human remains past a certain age because it’s ‘their’ ancestors when their ancestors were just as nomadic as ours. See Kennewick Man.

The sad truth is that for most it’s only about this:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nDr1VYvUbKw

FK – I’ve seen versions of this for years. The question that’s long been in my mind is: Is there enough gold and silver to go around? What would a ‘dollar’ really be worth if we went back to a gold or metal based system? As the old folks around here used to say about the not-so-good-old days – “No one had any money.” Would we be like them? Lots of us have no money now whether we don’t earn it or whether our incomes can’t keep up with our incessant craving for the newest thing.

And there were cycles of depression, boom and bust, before the Fed was created. There probably always will be no matter what economic system we pretend to adopt.

When international exchanges of currency take place it’s usually by electronic means so it’s all ones and zeroes with a label anyway, except for the un-laundered drug money headed to the big banks. I read an article years ago that claimed most U.S. currency is over seas and most of that is counterfeit.

The elites get away with this garbage because they know the sheeple will always just graze and breed and only notice the wolf when it actually looks or acts like a wolf. And not always then…

Who can make war against the Beast? We could if only we would learn that we outnumber them.

Without our Liberty, our supposed riches mean nothing because they can be taken from us on a whim.

If hitlery Wins Expect Total ARMAGEDDON

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y_RHfigwK2w

FK – It’s more like ‘dark vs dark’ since Trump has no record whatsoever that proves he means anything he says since he’s never been involved with or donated to any Liberty groups that I’ve been able to learn about.

Only a child thinks anything a prez candidate says during the quest for the idiot vote means anything. What they say during a campaign means nothing. Their records and affiliations, past and present, are all that matter.

Questions for your candidate

Gee, the majority of those who claim to want to live in a free country are in denial of the war being waged here. We should’ve kept our troops home from Korea and Vietnam and hunted the commies here first. We must conduct an extensive and thorough “Liberal”(commie) trash season or this country and what’s left of our Liberty will not survive.

The commies want the illegals here so they can get them to vote commie. Most govt.s south of the border are some form of commie. We must change who votes and how we vote in this country. That’s far more important than a few brown skinned peasants coming here to try to find a better existence.

More evil the masses will ignore to get a check or a job:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ca16pFnj57M

FK – On the fact alone that the CFR witch openly advocated ‘Australian style gun control’ it should’ve been dragged by its heels to the granite gallows in front of any govt. building, given a speedy treason trial(Here’s the Bill of Rights you swore to uphold and here’s where you advocated infringing on our most basic right, that of self defense, the the Bill of Rights is based upon) and speedily executed.

Know thine enemies.

Why are most modern ‘jews’ secular Marxists? What is Reform Judaism? Why are so many afraid to ask these questions?

This tells us what it is:

FK – This tells us exactly what ‘Reform Judaism’ is: totalitarianism.

I call them the unmentionables. In a free country there’s no such thing as a group whose motives cannot be questioned. When we have that we have a serious problem. We have a serious problem.

The Tea Party’s National Security Threat

As I asked:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vhyDUhinZ34

FK – The amerikan military hasn’t fought a war over Liberty since 1865 and the bad guys won that won. Read ‘The Real Lincoln.’

I’m a vet, do ya want to thank me?

Will any of this even matter?:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ME1x67NF39o

FK – Both parties have been rigging elections for decades. But the biggest issue is we let ignorant sheeple who only want a check or a benefit or a job vote. Without that neither Trump nor hitlery would have enough support to make them hall monitor at the local high school.

Otherwise hitlery could grab a suckling child out of it’s mother’s arms, bash it’s brains out and eat it’s liver on live weaponvision and still get votes. Trump? Well we see what Trump is capable of, but we won’t know the whole story until 4 years in… if we survive that long.

Now for some entertainment:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fFVrFyIqVXc

FK – I tend to think Trump will win but my record of predicting the outcomes of prez.(quest for the idiot vote) election cycles isn’t great. I thought Dubya would lose both times and didn’t vote for it or its mainstream opponents.

If the CFR witch dropped dead the demonscat party could run Bernie and stand a real chance of beating the donald but likely they’d do something stupid like run sliden biden.

An older friend of mine beat you to the ‘retroactive abortions for liberals’ idea.

More clues of just how fucked we are:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uYBKl8yr0Bs

FK – The fact that we  have a ‘dept. of motherland security’ shows we are no longer a nation of men.

Homeland eyes special declaration to take charge of elections

Regardless of which tool lies its way into the now red house we the sheeple had better get ready for what will be required.

Which side will you take?

FK – By ‘gas’ did they mean tear gas or whatever they use to control riots?

They don’t hire prison guards because of their superior intellect but because of their ability to obey orders. A lot of the younger ones probably have little to no cultural reference to the ‘gas chambers,’ real or not, of WWII. Which makes this all that much more horrifying.

Too many ‘adults'(very loosely defined) already prefer to believe ‘it can’t happen to me,’ so they deserve whatever is done to them.

If this were a nation of men every govt. building would have a granite gallows in front of it with this inscription:

These gallows are to be used only for elected, hired or appointed public servants who have broken their oaths to uphold the Bill of Rights. Any who use them for any other purpose will be shot down in the streets by anyone who sees fit with the shooter receiving our nation’s highest honor: ‘The Armed Citizen’s crosshairs.’

 

Gen Allen’s Insane Democrat War Cry

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mt5-TQv0tbg

FK – Generals aren’t drill sergeants. In the Marines they’re called ‘drill instructors.’ All that stuff matters to military people.

What this shows above all else is that not all ‘vets’ are good people. Many of them will serve the evil NWO and kill in the name of destroying the Bill of Rights.

But wait, the officer class has proven this before along with the rest of us who have been sent overseas in the name of corporate empire.

But some of us wake up and grow up and try to mend our ways. Many will never do so and there will be only one cure for them.

I’m a vet, do ya’ want to thank me?

Oh, and a ‘vision’ that includes all of us having a govt. gun shoved in our faces in the name of global socialism.

The general is a tool. Read its Wikipedia page.

Then read this: When to Shoot the Colonels

Now to the root of the problem:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=exbMIGWWpgg

FK – It takes pussies to make pussies. My generation, I was born the year Marilyn Monroe died in the month they almost blew up the world, has failed as well as my parents’.

How someone can watch all this crap all these decades and not catch on and then feel some responsibility to do something about it is beyond my personal comprehension.

But then as I’ve noted many times before they’re herd animals and most struggle all their pathetic existences to remain that way.

Then 50 years ago the commiecrats intentionally started paying the stupid and the lazy to breed and raise their offspring in fatherless homes so they could create inter-generational parasites that would be guaranteed constituents.

What results should we expect from this? See below:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xb_N02-vh8M

FK – The word ‘exciting’ can have a very subjective definition. The first 15 minutes of ‘Saving Private Ryan’ was ‘exciting,’ especially for those who were actually present at the real event.

The real war is here and it’s real, uh, exciting.

And if the commiecrat was killed in the district of commie criminals by regular thugs after supporting evil laws that prevent victims from fighting back then the piece of shit got exactly what it deserved.

How many will die before and after enough develop the resolve to do what will be required? Are we ready?

The commiecrats don’t always have the corner on arrogance:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=47bXZDOraz8

FK – What will we do if Trump’s stubbornness and ‘deal making’ cause him to send amerikan troops or police after real patriots? What have we done? We’re not ready. The shame is on us. The blood will be on our hands.

And what will this guy, uh, officer do?:

FK – The only question that matters is does he serve the NWO or the Bill of Rights?

Will he command troops under the next prez to come to your door for not ‘turning them in’ under ‘Australian style gun control’ as proposed by hitlery? Is he a tool or a Marine that puts Liberty first?

Are we ready to deal with such evil as this?:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=blSdm0hfFHE

FK – I’ve long claimed that GCA ’68 is de facto gun registration. But so many ‘pro gun’ morons don’t understand why we so desperately need to repeal all(the ‘all’ that’s in the dictionary) gun laws and form up the militias NOW for what will be required.

Is there a militia force in your county yet? Why not? Are you afraid of the ‘m’ word that’s in the Second Amendment?

The patriot newbie guidebook

The Bill of Rights is what we’re fighting for.

Who’s our greatest enemy? Those who build the Trojan Horse or those who open the gate?

Nothing will get better until we stop worrying so much about the fundie ragheads and start rounding up and at the least deporting our real enemies, our domestic enemies.

So who or what is our real enemy? A tiny no. of fundies who manage to kill a few mush heads now and again or our own white home-grown “Liberal”(commie) trash that works relentlessly to disarm and thus fully enslave millions?

What will we do when a commie SCOTUS rules it’s OK for the “Liberal”(commie) trash, our real enemies, to demand we ‘turn them in?’ How many cowards will comply? Those are the questions that matter.

What’s an ‘illegal gun?’ Those two words are nowhere to be found in the Second Amendment. A right applied for is a privilege.

Was the last ‘mass shooting’ site a ‘gun free zone?” Why are commiefornia and others still ‘may issue’ states? Why do we seek ‘permission’ to exercise the most basic right any creature possesses, that of self defense?

If the Marxist mutt and other commie extremists that call themselves ‘liberal’ and ‘progressive’ tell us to surrender our weapons and thus our most basic right, they’ll find out what blood really is.

The most important ‘private property’ anyone owns is their own life, health, safety, and no one, anywhere, anytime has the ‘right’ to take that from them or deny them their most basic right, that of self defense.

We all get the elected public servants the brain dead sheeple deserve.

I’ll vote for the candidate that will bring the troops home, activate the militias, and re-invade and re-conquer commiefornia and the other commie enclaves on the left and East coasts.

They’re not ‘leftists,’ ‘liberal’ or ‘progressive.’ They’re communists/globalists. They want us disarmed so we can’t kill them when enough finally wake up to the necessity of doing so.

Our Liberty is dying because of our failure to hunt the “Liberal”(commie) and globalist trash to extinction.

What must be done – A manifesto of the ‘isms.’

Don’t understand my bad attitude? Start here.

Governments will always be able to get guns so we must always be better armed than them.
Act politically but prep for what history shows will have to be done. It’s way past time to prep for what will be required.

Rules for the militia

GOA Alert: Will Congressional Republicans Hand Hillary/Obama an Anti-gun Victory?

A Vote for the Anti-Gun Sentencing Bill is a Vote for Hillary Clinton 

The Obama administration, aided by cheerleaders from the Left-wing media, is now mounting a push to pass its anti-gun “sentencing bill” (S. 2123 and H.R. 3713).

The bill was held up for quite some time, but media outlets are reporting that after months of backroom wrangling, this legislation now has a majority support in the Senate.

This is why it is urgent that you urge your Representative and Senators to oppose this legislation.  

Even though Senators have reached a compromise bill — and even though gun owners have protested this for nearly half a year — the sentencing legislation in Congress still endangers the rights of gun owners.

For beginners, the House version is still unchanged. It would increase by 50%, the maximum prison sentence for veterans and other victims of “gun control” — if they or a spouse fails to divest themselves of all guns when ordered to do so by the Veterans Administration or the ATF. (See section 6 of H.R. 3713.)

So a military veteran who is suffering from PTSD — and who has been labeled as a prohibited person — would get increased penalties for simply possessing a gun under this bill.  All this would happen to decent gun owners, even while penalties for drug traffickers would be reduced.

And while the sentencing legislation will do nothing to repeal the unconstitutional 1986 ban on machine guns, penalties for those who possess such a firearm would be increased by 50% (under the same section 6 provision in H.R. 3713).

So anyone like David Olofson who fires a semi-automatic firearm which malfunctions with a three-round burst could now find themselves imprisoned for several decades, if the ATF later determines their semi-auto was actually an automatic firearm.

Click on the Take Action button to send letters to your Representative and Senators opposing the anti-gun sentencing bill (H.R. 3713 and S. 2123) — legislation that will punish honest gun owners while helping restore voting rights to hundreds of thousands of Hillary supporters.

FK – If we had a nation of men we wouldn’t have to beg our despicable elected public servants for our rights. We’d be hanging them.

And some good news:

War is not always voluntary

War is not always voluntary
Barry Bright
Feb. 9, 2016

Again this is basically a response to a YouTube star. And again I just can’t let it go.

Watch the vid first. And don’t miss the comments.

FK – Lot’s of ignorant 19-year-olds die in wars because they are able to fight. If you don’t believe me try to carry a 50 pound pack and 200 rounds of ammo and a 10 lb weapon while doing double time after you turn 50.

During amerika’s not-so-civil war both governments, and the Confederacy was an official ‘legitimate’ government, had to resort to conscription. Whether either side was ‘right’ or ‘wrong’ in doing so I won’t get into it here if for no other reason than most wars are usually both ‘just’ and ‘unjust’ for various reasons. Search the ‘New York draft riots.’

If several state governments finally grew a backbone, which many claim will be necessary to restore Liberty here, and decided to defy some edict of our beast system or of one of our elected tools in the now red house or a ruling by a commie SCOTUS you can bet there’d be conscription again, on both sides.

I didn’t come from a ‘military family’ except for my father who ‘served’ in the 50s during the Berlin Crisis and some ancestors who fought in the War for Southern Independence. One of them came from a slave owning family and my relatives want to think he fought for the Union, which he may have.

I voluntarily joined the military back in the 80s before it was ‘cool’ for the average mush head to do so because the stink of the Vietnam fiasco(from which we should have kept our troops home and had them kill our commies here first) and vividly remember a female cousin asking me if I could somehow ‘get out’ of being activated for what became Desert Storm. I also remember the looks one would get if the sheeple thought you were military. There were no yellow ribbons around trees in pre-gulf-war days.

The meaning of her question still haunts me. Do we ever fight for a ‘just cause?’ Is the petrodollar, which goes a long way to providing the standard of living we enjoy here a ‘just cause?’ Again, maybe that’s a question for another time. But my cousin’s reasoning, I’m sure, was not because of any great political understanding, because at that time I was not really ‘awake’ and I know she’s still politically oblivious after all these years, at least beyond voting for a candidate based on whether or not it meets her standards of ‘morality’ which come not from years of thought or education but from years of mindlessly attending church.

I don’t remember if I attempted to explain to her that it would be wrong to try to ‘get out of it’ if for no other reason than that would be grossly unfair to my fellow Marines and to some sense of camaraderie that all people in such situations should feel on some level. I really think I just stared at her in disbelief, and disgust.

But then our American individualism may be too far advanced for that. The zombie apocalypse that’s on our doorstep and in Europe’s living rooms due to our failure to hunt our white “Liberal”(commie) trash to extinction may prove this.

The point of worrying about what she asked me is this: There are real monsters in this world and sometimes we do have to band together to kill the cave bear. This will likely never change no matter how often moronic, dangerous, real and false pacifists claim so.

I vividly remember a fellow Marine reservist saying one day, way before the 9/11 ‘false flag’(to whatever degree), that there’d never be another ‘conventional’ war and the next one would be nuclear. Such was the propaganda of the times. Our drones, satellites and aircraft carriers and other assorted tech exist on a slender thread of electricity that is not guaranteed to continue to flow.

There are many memes floating around that remind us of a Japanese General saying how dangerous it would be to invade America because “There would be a rifle behind every blade of grass.” On Parris Island there are airstrips that were built during WWII because during that time they had reduced boot camp to six weeks and were flying them straight out to war. But they were still training them.

From my time in the militia I can tell you that the average patriot is not ready to go to war at the drop of a hat. If you get ‘American men'(very loosely defined) to volunteer and show up overnight to fight some true organized force they would die like flies. During the American Revolution there were times when the militias fought admirably and won the day and others when they ran screaming like little girls. That is war.

From my time in the military I can tell you how hard it is to maintain discipline and readiness among those who have been trained. Before the first Gulf War we received some training but when we were actually over there I saw many issues that had not been addressed.

During our time in Saudi Arabia serving as Combat Military Police one of our sergeants told us a female Marine had been caught sending 50 grand in cash and checks home in a sea bag. I’ll leave how she earned that up to your imagination.

That ‘Intel’ could have been a product of the rumor mill that always exists in such situations but it wouldn’t surprise me. There were times when female Marines certainly distracted me. Ignoring human biology and the communist propaganda that uses it is not only childish but dangerous.

I constantly see morons(trolls) online claiming we could never stand up against the ‘modern’ military. The same liars will claim the empire lost in Vietnam because they couldn’t fight an organized guerrilla campaign when a Vietnamese general allegedly said after the war that it was won over here where our real enemies have always been. Even if he didn’t make the statement it’s certainly true.

Guerrilla warfare is the oldest form of killing our fellow kind in an organized fashion. The fights over waterholes or shelter or hunting grounds were carried out in such a fashion. They didn’t likely stand back with flags and diplomats and have gentlemanly discussions before or after. That came later.

A constant meme among ‘pro-gunners’ and Second Amendment activists is more or less ‘what would the holocaust have been like if the Jews had been armed and fought back.’ A tiny ‘volunteer’ force did fight back in the Warsaw Ghetto. It was too little too late.

FK – But then as now too many fail to understand, because thinking is the hardest work to be done and most avoid it at all costs, that sometimes humanity’s back is thrown against the wall and there is no other choice but to kill or be killed.

As I used to write in comment sections: ‘Millions will dig the ditch that they’re told to dig then wet their pants as the machine gun bolts slam home and die stupidly wondering “How did this ever happen to me?”

Common sense, something in severe short supply nowadays, tells us that not everyone can or should be ‘on the front line.’ There are many ways to fight, with or without advanced technology. We used to learn in school how Betsy Ross sewed the flag. Now they walk and spit on it and we’re stupid enough to call them our ‘fellow Americans.’

That above all things must change.

Irony Ensues after VA Secretary Asked Famous Veteran To Contact Him

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0DANDFKARFs

FK – So did they make his cell phone no. public record?

Expecting that guy to respond to any and all is unrealistic.

Expecting the VA to provide competent care, without being glued to commie care, isn’t. Their new program that ‘allows’ vets to get care from local providers is a pain in the rear since they’re supposed to set up appointments through Tri-West, some alt. provider. It’s seems to me to be an excuse to hire more admin. or subcontract with another private company for political gain. Who knows.

I’ve had mostly acceptable experiences with the VA. The most serious health question I had a few years back did go unanswered by them. It’s a bureaucracy, like commie care will ultimately be, where a different kind of triage still based on money, only on what the govt. thinks it can afford.

One wonders what the drug companies, now earning billions from keeping old disabled people alive, will think or do about this.

The cost of NHS health care: Deciding who lives and who dies

GOA: Senate “Sentencing Reform” Bill Could Crack Down on Gun Owners

The bill in question is supported by anti-gun Senators Chuck Schumer (D-NY), Richard Blumenthal (D-CT) and Patrick Leahy (D-VT). They are cosponsors of S. 2123.

So what are they getting for their support?

Well, while many non-violent offenders are being let off the hook — and even some violent offenders who plea bargained down to “non-violent” offenses — the bill actually increases penalties for many law-abiding (non-violent) gun owners.

Hence, section 105 of S. 2123 increases — from 10 to 15 years — the potential prison sentences for “prohibited persons” and for those who merely possess a new machine gun, even if they are licensed under the NFA.

Have a gun, go to jail … for a long time!

Regarding the penalties for “prohibited persons,” the increased penalties in the bill would include the more than 175,000 veterans who have lost their gun rights, if there is still a gun anywhere in the house.

And it would include the 4.2 million seniors whom Obama proposes to strip of their gun rights by doing a computer search of social security.

Think about it: While this bill lowers sentences for many offenders, it raises the penalties for law-abiding gun owners who have had their gun rights stripped from them — like veterans and seniors mentioned above.

snip

ACTION: Please take action today and urge your Senators to demand the removal OF ALL OFFENDING language that would penalize law-abiding gun owners.

FK – This is why we need a militia in every county in the country. Any time any BAFT Nazi trash tries to railroad anyone into prison it should be hunted along with any shysters participating. It’s garbage and should be treated as such.